The prevalence, incidence, and clinical assessment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in patients with demyelinating diseases.

BACKGROUND: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is characterised by recurrent attacks of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. The purpose of this work was to identify the incidence and prevalence of NMOSD and its clinical characteristics in the population treated for demyelinating diseases in Western Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive, retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Neurology, at the Sub-specialty Medical Unit, Specialties Hospital (known by its Spanish abbreviation UMAE-HE), of the National Western Medical Center (CMNO), Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS). A review of the electronic files for all patients with a diagnosis of NMOSD in 2019, was carried out in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients with NMOSD were included in the study. The incidence was 0.71/100 000 (CI 0.60-0.85) and the prevalence was 1.09/100 000 (CI 0.84-1.42). There were 79.3% women, and 20.6% were men (P = .01). All (100%) patients presented with anti-aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G, and 89.6% showed seropositivity for anti-aquaporin-4 (CI 82.6-94.9). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 100% of patients, where 34.4% were normal, and 65.5% (38) abnormal, presenting with non-specific subcortical lesions (P = 0.04). The initial clinical presentation was optic neuritis (ON) in 58.6%; where 31.0% was bilateral ON, 20.7% was left ON, and 6.9% were right ON; transverse myelitis in 26.0%, area postrema syndrome (APS) in 10.3%, among others. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of NMOSD exceeds 0.71/100 000, the prevalence is low at 1.09/100 000, and NMOSD is predominantly found in women.

Research progress of aquaporins on the ophthalmic diseases / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#Aquaporins(AQPs)is a family of transmembrane channins with low activation energy, high selectivity and rapid transport of water molecules, widely expressed in eye tissues. It was found that AQPs has physiological functions in eye tissue including maintaining the internal lens circulation homeostasis, participating in atrial aqueous circulation, mediating retinal signaling and promoting damage repair. Mutations or abnormal function of AQPs can lead to the occurrence of various ophthalmic diseases. If the expression and function of AQPs can be changed by using certain drugs or technical means, it is expected to become a new target for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases in the future.

Mielitis longitudinal extensa de presentación muy tardía: Una entidad del espectro de la neuromielitis óptica / Extensive longitudinal myelitis of very late presentation. An entity of the spectrum of optic neuromyelitis

Las enfermedades del espectro neuromielitis óptica son trastornos inflamatorios del sistema nervioso central caracterizados por una grave desmielinización y daño axonal inmunomediado que afecta principalmente a los nervios ópticos y médula espinal. Suelen presentars e en edades tempranas, aunque existen algunas comunicaciones en la literatura de pacientes con presentaciones tardías. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 78 años que consultó por un cuadro de paraparesia grave, trastornos sensitivos y retención urinaria. Se realizó una resonancia magnética de columna cervicodorsal que evidenció una lesión medular longitudinal extensa. Se descartaron otras causas secundarias, basadas en la clínica y en resultados de laboratorio. El dosaje de anticuerpos anti-acuaporina 4 resultó positivo. Se indicó tratamiento con glucocorticoides a altas dosis y plasmaféresis, y mantenimiento con rituximab, obteniendo escasa respuesta clínica. En pacientes con lesiones medulares extensas se deben contemplar múltiples diagnósticos diferenciales según la presentación clínica, hallazgos mediante estudios por imágenes y epidemiología. Asimismo, debe incluir la búsqueda de anticuerpos anti-acuaporina 4 y contra la glicoproteína de la mielina del oligodendrocito, ya que el pronóstico funcional de estos pacientes suele ser desfavorable debido al gran componente destructivo de las lesiones. En consecuencia, el tratamiento temprano es fundamental a fin de limitar el daño agudo y prevenir futuras recaídas, lo cual es especialmente importante en presentaciones tardías de esta entidad debido a la escasa reserva funcional y baja capacidad de remielinización.

Optic neuromyelitis spectrum diseases are inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system characterized by severe demyelination and immunomediated axonal damage that mainly affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. They usually appear at an early age, although there are some reports in the literature of patients with late presentations. We present the case of a 78-year-old woman who consulted for severe paraparesis, sensory disorders, and urinary retention. An MRI of the cervicodorsal spine was performed, showing extensive longitudinal spinal injury. Secondary causes based on clinical observations and laboratory studies were ruled out. The dosage of anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies was positive. Acute treatment with high-dose glucocorticoids and plasmapheresis was indicated, and maintenance with rituximab, obtaining little clinical response. In patients with extensive spinal injuries, multiple differential diagnoses should be considered according to the clinical presentation, findings through imaging studies and epidemiology. Likewise, it should include the search for anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies and against the oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, since the functional prognosis of these patients is usually unfavourable due to the large destructive component of the lesions. Consequently, early treatment is essential in order to limit acute damage and prevent future relapses, which is especially important in late presentations of this entity due to the low functional reserve and low remyelination capacity.

[Extensive longitudinal myelitis of very late presentation. An entity of the spectrum of optic neuromyelitis]. / Mielitis longitudinal extensa de presentación muy tardía. Una entidad del espectro de la neuromielitis óptica.

Optic neuromyelitis spectrum diseases are inflammatory disorders of the central nervous system characterized by severe demyelination and immunomediated axonal damage that mainly affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. They usually appear at an early age, although there are some reports in the literature of patients with late presentations. We present the case of a 78-year-old woman who consulted for severe paraparesis, sensory disorders, and urinary retention. An MRI of the cervicodorsal spine was performed, showing extensive longitudinal spinal injury. Secondary causes based on clinical observations and laboratory studies were ruled out. The dosage of anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies was positive. Acute treatment with high-dose glucocorticoids and plasmapheresis was indicated, and maintenance with rituximab, obtaining little clinical response. In patients with extensive spinal injuries, multiple differential diagnoses should be considered according to the clinical presentation, findings through imaging studies and epidemiology. Likewise, it should include the search for anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies and against the oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, since the functional prognosis of these patients is usually unfavourable due to the large destructive component of the lesions. Consequently, early treatment is essential in order to limit acute damage and prevent future relapses, which is especially important in late presentations of this entity due to the low functional reserve and low remyelination capacity.

Las enfermedades del espectro neuromielitis óptica son trastornos inflamatorios del sistema nervioso central caracterizados por una grave desmielinización y daño axonal inmunomediado que afecta principalmente a los nervios ópticos y médula espinal. Suelen presentars e en edades tempranas, aunque existen algunas comunicaciones en la literatura de pacientes con presentaciones tardías. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 78 años que consultó por un cuadro de paraparesia grave, trastornos sensitivos y retención urinaria. Se realizó una resonancia magnética de columna cervicodorsal que evidenció una lesión medular longitudinal extensa. Se descartaron otras causas secundarias, basadas en la clínica y en resultados de laboratorio. El dosaje de anticuerpos anti-acuaporina 4 resultó positivo. Se indicó tratamiento con glucocorticoides a altas dosis y plasmaféresis, y mantenimiento con rituximab, obteniendo escasa respuesta clínica. En pacientes con lesiones medulares extensas se deben contemplar múltiples diagnósticos diferenciales según la presentación clínica, hallazgos mediante estudios por imágenes y epidemiología. Asimismo, debe incluir la búsqueda de anticuerpos anti-acuaporina 4 y contra la glicoproteína de la mielina del oligodendrocito, ya que el pronóstico funcional de estos pacientes suele ser desfavorable debido al gran componente destructivo de las lesiones. En consecuencia, el tratamiento temprano es fundamental a fin de limitar el daño agudo y prevenir futuras recaídas, lo cual es especialmente importante en presentaciones tardías de esta entidad debido a la escasa reserva funcional y baja capacidad de remielinización.

Neuritis óptica recurrente posterior a encefalomielitis diseminada aguda en pediatría. Reporte de un caso / Recurrent optic neuritis after acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in pediatrics. A case report

Abstract: Optic Neuritis (ON) is a condition caused by the inflammation of the optic nerve, causing diminished visual acuity and ocular pain. It is tightly related to Multiple Sclerosis (MS), often being the first demyelinating event. There is a 31% risk of recurrence during the first 10 years after the diagnosis, and 48% of the patients end up being diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis1. Imaging studies like brain MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) have a critical role in the diagnosis and prognosis of ON, as well as in the recognition of MS.2 The patient is a 11-year-old girl with recurrent ON and past medical history of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) when she was 5 years old. ON diagnosis was based on clinical findings as well as on ophtalmologic, electrophysiologic and imaging studies. The recurrent episodes of ON improved after the use of high dose steroids. Recurrences were observed after titration of the dose, but remission was achieved after adjustment of treatment. During one of the recurrent episodes, blood work was performed to evaluate possible underlying infectious, demyelinating or autoinmmune process. Anti-MOG antibodies were found positive. The patient at the moment is not presenting with any other criteria suggesting MS or Optic Neuromyelitis, but long term follow up is adviced. Key words: Optic neuritis (ON), multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), right eye (RE); visual acuity (VA), optic neuromyelitis (ONM)

[Extended optic neuropathy with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies]. / Le cas clinique du mois. Neuropathie optique étendue en présence d'anticorps «anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein¼.

The discovery of autoantibodies targeting aquaporin-4 (AQP4) of astrocytes has improved the understanding and management of Neuromyelitis Optica Syndrome Disorders (NMO-SD), previously considered as a variant of multiple sclerosis. Later, the detection of MOG IgG1 antibodies, directed against an oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, made it possible to distinguish pathologies with different clinical and prognostic particularities, then helping the clinician in his diagnostic and therapeutic approach. This clinical case aims to feature the clinical differences, prognosis and therapeutic solutions of these pathologies.

La découverte d'auto-anticorps ciblant l'aquaporine-4 (AQP4) des astrocytes a permis d'avancer dans la compréhension et la prise en charge du spectre des maladies de la neuromyélite optique (NMO-SD), antérieurement considérée comme une variante proche de la sclérose en plaques. Plus tard, la mise en évidence des anticorps MOG IgG1, dirigés contre une protéine de la myéline oligodendrocytaire, a permis de distinguer des pathologies avec des particularités cliniques et pronostiques différentes, pouvant aider le clinicien dans sa démarche diagnostique et thérapeutique. Ce cas clinique permet de détailler les différences cliniques et pronostiques ainsi que les solutions thérapeutiques de ces pathologies.

Trastorno del espectro de la neuromielitis óptica / Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: case report / Distúrbio do spectro da neuromilite óptica

El síndrome de Devic, también conocido como trastorno del espectro de la neuromielitis óptica (NMOSD, por sus sigla en inglés), es considerado una enfermedad inflamatoria, desmielinizante y autoinmune del sistema nervioso central que afecta en su mayoría los nervios ópticos, el quiasma óptico y la médula espinal. Si bien en algunos casos se puede simular un cuadro clínico similar a esclerosis múltiple, hoy en día se conocen aspectos imagenológicos, inmunológicos y patológicos que permiten establecer las diferencias entre estas dos entidades. Se presenta el caso de una mujer adulta mayor con antecedente de síndrome de Sjögren en manejo ambulatorio con corticoide y azatioprina, quien ingresa por cuadro clínico de mes y medio de evolución consistente en disestesias de predominio en miembros inferiores, alteración de la marcha y compromiso visual. Ante el compromiso neurológico, se decide realizar imágenes diagnósticas y perfil inmunológico, con reportes de resonancia magnética nuclear cervical y torácica con contraste que evidencian mielitis multifocal por compromiso cervical y torácico a nivel de C4 en T7-T8 con hiperdensidad centromedular sin realce, además de autoanticuerpos séricos dirigidos contra el canal acuaporínico (AQP4) positivos, dando así el diagnóstico de NMOSD.Se inició manejo con pulsos de metilprednisolona concomitantemente con plasmaféresis completando cinco sesiones. Sin embargo, ante la persistencia del cuadro clínico se inició manejo con un agente biológico selectivo que bloquea la actividad de los linfocitos B tipo rituximab con resolución parcial de los síntomas. Se discute, además, la evolución clínica e imagenológica de este caso ejemplar, así como los avances más notables en el diagnóstico y manejo

Devic's Syndrome, known as Optic Neuromyelitis Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), is considered an inflammatory, demyelinating and autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that mainly affects the optic nerves, the optic chiasm and the spinal cord. Although the said syndrome can sometimes simulate multiple sclerosis (MS), nowadays there are imagining, immunological and pathological aspects that allow to establish the differences between these two entities. In the present paper, the case an older adult woman with a history of Sjögren's syndrome in ambulatory care with corticosteroid and azathioprine, who is admitted for a month and a half of evolution consisting of dysesthesias of predominance in the lower limbs, ambulation impairment and visual compromise is presented . In view of the neurological compromise, it was decided to perform diagnostic imaging and immunological profile. The imaging suggested a report of cervical and thoracic MRI with contrast with evidence of multifocal myelitis due to cervical and thoracic involvement at the level of C4 and T7-T8, with a report of serum autoantibodies directed against the positive aquaporic channel (AQP4). All of the above is consistent with the diagnosis of Devic Syndrome or NMOSD. Treatment was implemented through methylprednisolone pulses alternated with plasmapheresis. Five sessions of the said treatment were completed. Given the persistence of the clinical picture, treatment with rituximab was initiated resulting in partial improvement of the symptoms. The clinical and imaging evolution of this case is also discussed, as well as breakingthrough advan-ces in its diagnosis and management

O síndrome de Devic, convencido cómo Transtorno do espectro da neuromielite ótica ou NMOSD pelo Nome em ingles é considerado uma doença inflamatória, desmielinizante e autoimune do sistema nervioso central (SNC) que afeta principalmente os nervos óticos, o quiasma ótico e a mêdula espinhal; embora em alguns casos pode se apresentar como sendo un caso clínico de esclerosis múltipla, hoje existem aspectos imagemológicos, inmunológicos e patológicos para diferenciar entre as duas condições. Apresentam-se o caso de una mulher idosa com antecedente de Síndrome de Sjögren com tratamento ambulatorio de corticoides, ingresada por quadro clínico de un mês e meio de evoluçao más disestêsias nos miembros inferiores com alteraçao para caminhada e comprometimento visual. Perante essa alteraçao neurológica, decide-se realizar imagens diagnósticas e perfil inmunológico com reporte de RMN cervical e torácica com contaste evidencia de mielitis multifocal por compromiso cervical e torácico a nivel de C4 e T7- T8 com hiperdensidade centromedular sem realce, reporte de autoanticuerpos séricos dirigidos contra o canal acuaporínico positivos, o diagnóstico foi Síndrome de Devic ou NMOSD. Perante esse scenário inicoou-se tratamento com pulsos de metlprednisolona junto con plasmaférese, por cinco sessões. No entanto, perante persistência do quadro clínico, inicoouse tratamento com agente biológico selectivo que bloqueia a atividade dos linfositos B tipo rituximab com resoluçao parcial dos síntomas. Discute-se a evoluçao clínica deste caso exemplar, mesmo cómo os avanços mais notáveis no diagnóstico e tratamento.IntroducciónEl síndrome de Devic, ahora conocido como trastor-no del espectro de la neuromielitis óptica (NMOSD, por su sigla en inglés), es una enfermedad inflamato-ria, desmielinizante y autoinmune del sistema nervioso central (SNC) que en su mayoría y de forma simultá-nea afecta los nervios ópticos, el quiasma óptico y la médula espinal (1). En los hallazgos imagenológicos en resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) cerebral se evi-dencian lesiones mielínicas trasversas extensas longi-tudinales en tres o más segmentos vertebrales (2).El NMOSD fue reportado por primera vez en el siglo XIX, hacia 1894, luego de un reporte de caso; en esa ocasión se nombró síndrome de Devic y se describió como una variante de esclerosis múltiple (EM) (3,4). Keywords: Devic syndrome. Optic neuromyelitis, multiple sclerosis, antiacuaporin 4 antibodies, methylprednisolone, corticoid, plasmapheresis, rituximab Palavras Chave: sindrome de Devic, neuromielite óptica, esclerosis múltipla, anticorpos antiacuaporina 4, metlprednisolona, corticoides, plasmaférese, rituximab.

[Demyelinating disorders]. / Enfermedades desmielinizantes.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of conditions of autoimmune etiology directed against the myelin of the central nervous system. In many cases, the onset of the illness is preceded by a nonspecific viral infection. Multiple sclerosis is a disease that evolves with relapses and remissions with polyfocal neurological deficits, being the most frequent optic neuritis, transverse myelitis and encephalic trunk involvement. Typically, magnetic resonance image (MRI) shows peri-ventricular, peri-callosal, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord hyperintensive lesions in T2 and FLAIR weighted images. Optic neuromyelitis is characterized by the presence of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis associated with the postrema and diencephalic area syndrome. MRI lesions are distributed in sectors rich with aquaporine-4 channels (AQP-4): hypothalamus, third and fourth ventricle, optic nerves and spinal cord. Finding anti AQP4 antibodies is useful for the diagnosis although they are not essential for it. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is typically a monophasic condition characterized by acute encephalopathy associated with hyperintense MRI large, bilateral and irregular asymmetric lesion in T2 and FLAIR weighted images. In all three cases, cerebral spine fluid (CSF) can show pleocytosis and hyperproteinorrachia. The presence of oligoclonal bands in CSF is characteristic of multiple sclerosis. In all cases, acute treatment includes high dose intravenous corticosteroids and plasmapheresis in non-responsive cases. Both multiple sclerosis and optic neuromyelitis require long-term treatment to prevent relapse and recurrent diseases.

Enfermedades desmielinizantes / Demyelinating disorders

Las enfermedades desmielinizantes constituyen un grupo de afecciones de etiología autoinmune dirigida contra la mielina del sistema nervioso central. En muchos casos, el inicio del cuadro es precedido por una infección viral inespecífica. La esclerosis múltiple evoluciona con recaídas y remisiones con déficit neurológicos polifocales, siendo los más frecuentes la neuritis óptica, la mielitis transversa y el compromiso de tronco encefálico. Se caracteriza por lesiones hiperintensas que se observan en una resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) en T2 y FLAIR peri-ventriculares y peri-callosas, cerebelo, tronco y médula espinal. La neuromielitis óptica se caracteriza por la presencia de neuritis óptica y mielitis transversa asociada a síndrome de área postrema y diencefálico. Las lesiones en RMN se distribuyen en los sectores ricos en acuaporina-4 (AQP-4): hipotálamo, peri tercer y cuarto ventrículo, nervios ópticos y médula espinal. Los anticuerpos anti AQP4 ayudan al diagnóstico aunque no son esenciales para el mismo. La encefalomielitis diseminada aguda es un cuadro clásicamente monofásico caracterizado por una encefalopatía aguda asociada a lesiones en RMN hiperintensas en T2 y FLAIR bilaterales, asimétricas, de gran tamaño y de bordes irregulares. En los tres casos, el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) puede mostrar pleocitosis e hiperproteinorraquia. La presencia de bandas oligoclonales en LCR es característica de la esclerosis múltiple. En todos los casos, el tratamiento agudo incluye corticoides a altas dosis por vía endovenoso y en caso de no respuesta, plasmaféresis. Tanto la esclerosis múltiple como la neuromielitis óptica requieren tratamiento a largo plazo para evitar nuevas recaídas ya que se trata de enfermedades recurrentes.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of conditions of autoimmune etiology directed against the myelin of the central nervous system. In many cases, the onset of the illness is preceded by a nonspecific viral infection. Multiple sclerosis is a disease that evolves with relapses and remissions with polyfocal neurological deficits, being the most frequent optic neuritis, transverse myelitis and encephalic trunk involvement. Typically, magnetic resonance image (MRI) shows peri-ventricular, peri-callosal, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord hyperintensive lesions in T2 and FLAIR weighted images. Optic neuromyelitis is characterized by the presence of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis associated with the postrema and diencephalic area syndrome. MRI lesions are distributed in sectors rich with aquaporine-4 channels (AQP-4): hypothalamus, third and fourth ventricle, optic nerves and spinal cord. Finding anti AQP4 antibodies is useful for the diagnosis although they are not essential for it. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is typically a monophasic condition characterized by acute encephalopathy associated with hyperintense MRI large, bilateral and irregular asymmetric lesion in T2 and FLAIR weighted images. In all three cases, cerebral spine fluid (CSF) can show pleocytosis and hyperproteinorrachia. The presence of oligoclonal bands in CSF is characteristic of multiple sclerosis. In all cases, acute treatment includes high dose intravenous corticosteroids and plasmapheresis in non-responsive cases. Both multiple sclerosis and optic neuromyelitis require long-term treatment to prevent relapse and recurrent diseases.

Neuromielitis Óptica: patología, diagnóstico y tratamiento en el siglo XXI / Optic Neuromyelitis: pathology, diagnosis and therapy in the XXI century

La neuromielitis óptica (NMO) o enfermedad de Devic, pertenece al grupo de las enfermedades desmielinizantes del sistema nervioso central, afecta de manera significativa los nervios ópticos y la médula espinal. Desde el siglo XIX cuando Eugene Devic dio a conocer una serie de casos en los que existía asociación de lesiones en los nervios ópticos y la medula espinal, la relación de la neuromielitis óptica (NMO) y la Esclerosis Múltiple (EM) ha sido controversial, considerándose una variante de esta última; datos recientes muestran que puede ser distinguida de la Esclerosis Múltiple (EM). Los síntomas de la NMO son por lo general más agudos y severos y la presencia de un autoanticuerpo específico en sangre llamado NMO-IgG tipo acuoporina-4 (AQP4) desempeña un rol muy importante en la patogenia de esta enfermedad,asimismo se encuentran varias características entre ellas de tipo clínico, de laboratorio, neuroimágenes y en la anatomía patológica que diferencian la esclerosis múltiple (EM) de esta enfermedad. La proporción entre mujeres y hombres es mayor de 4 a 1.La presentación clínica y el curso de la enfermedad puede ser con recaídas en 80-90% y en un 10-20% curso monofásico. La manifestación distintiva de la entidad NMO es la ocurrencia ya sea consecutiva o simultánea de NO (unilateral o bilateral) y la presencia de mielitis longitudinal extensa (Mle). La terapia con corticosteroides intravenosos normalmente es el tratamiento inicial para los ataques agudos de neuritis óptica o mielitis. La plasmaféresis es la terapia de rescate cuando no hay respuesta a los esteroides durante los ataques de neuromielitis óptica. Los agentes inmunosupresores se usan para la prevención de las recaídas.

Optic Neuromyelitis (NMO) or Devic’s disease, is a demyelinating disease of central nervous system, affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. Since the nineteenth century when Eugene Devic unveiled a series of cases in which there was an association of lesions in the optic nerves and spinal cord with relation of NMO and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been controversial, in some cases described like a variant of the latter but recent data show that can be distinguished from multiple sclerosis (MS). Symptoms of NMO are usually more acute and severe and then we can find a presence of a specific autoantibody called NMO-IgG, it is a blood type acuoporina-4 (AQP4) and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Also in the new millennium are various types of clinical, laboratory, neuroimaging and pathological anatomy then differentiates multiple sclerosis (MS) of this disease. In the epidemiology the ratio of women to men is greater than 4 to 1.The clinical presentation and course of the disease can be relapsing by 80-90% and 10-20% monophasic course. The distinctive manifestation is the occurrence NMO entity either consecutively or simultaneously not (unilateral or bilateral) and the presence of extensive longitudinal myelitis. Intravenous corticosteroid therapy is usually the initial therapy for acute attacks of optic neuritis or myelitis. Plasmapheresis therapy is used when the steroids therapy no work during acute attacks of NMO. Immunosuppressive agents used to prevent relapses.